• Original Prussian Model

  • Novel Research over teaching
  • Academic freedom to research any topic without government interference
  • Seminar - sit around table and debate and analyze original sources
  • PHD - Role is to contribute to novel research over "license to practice"

• Triple Helix

  • Ecosystem based
  • Academic - Is this research innovative?
  • Corporate - Does this research have practical use and scalable?
  • Government - Is this research worth funding and contributes to society?

• Quadruple Helix

  • Does society accept this research
    • Chatgpt
      • Google invented everything. Transformers, BERT.
      • OpenAI got the public to realize: "This is it"

Note: How is research different in China

More direct and top down, more emphasis on academics executing corporate sponsors 项目:

though as of 2026-2031 Five year plan, they are heavily emphasizing
0->1 innovation in research